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| Seneca the Elder ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Seneca the Elder
Marcus Annaeus Seneca, known as Seneca the Elder and Seneca the Rhetorician (; 54 BC – c. 39 AD), was a Roman rhetorician and writer, born of a wealthy equestrian family of Cordoba, Hispania. Seneca lived through the reigns of three significant emperors; Augustus (ruled 27 BC – 14 AD), Tiberius (ruled 14 AD – 37 AD) and Caligula (ruled 37 AD – 41 AD). He was the father of the stoic philosopher Seneca the Younger (''Lucius'') who was tutor of Nero.
==Background==
Seneca the Elder is the first of the ''gens'' Annaea of whom there is definite knowledge.〔''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', William Smith, Editor.〕 His ''praenomen'' is uncertain, but in any case Marcus is an arbitrary conjecture of Raphael of Volterra. During a lengthy stay on two occasions at Rome, Seneca attended the lectures of famous orators and rhetoricians, to prepare for an official career as an advocate. His 'ideal' orator was Cicero, and Seneca disapproved of the florid tendencies of the oratory of his time. A passage in ''Controversiae'' expresses a critique of the Asiatic style of Arellius Fuscus, calling "his ornament too contrived, his word arrangement more effeminate than could be tolerated by a mind in training for such chaste and rigorous precepts" (2 pr. 1).〔Elaine Fantham, in ''Cambridge History of Literary Criticism'', vol. 1, 1989, (p. 279 )〕 Yet Seneca's own writing for fictitious speakers and situations aims above all at a striking effect on the audience and is characterized by "mannerism", "exaggerated use of the ''colores''" and "use of a brilliant, precious style, one that has recourse to all the artifices of Asianism, from the accumulation of the rhetorical figures to densely epigrammatic expression to care over the rhythm of the period."〔Gian Biagio Conte, ''Latin Literature: A History'', trans. Sodolow, JHU Press, 1994, p. 405〕
During the civil wars, his sympathies, like those of his native place, were probably with Pompey. By his wife Helvia of Corduba, he had three sons: the eldest was Lucius Annaeus Novatus - later known as Lucius Iunius Gallio Annaeanus - who was a Roman politician and rhetorician; the middle was Seneca the Younger, the tutor of the Emperor Nero and a Stoic philosopher; and the youngest was Marcus Annaeus Mela, a philosopher and a procurator,〔Emily Wilson, ''The Greatest Empire: A Life of Seneca''. Oxford University Press, 2014. p.117〕 who was the father of the poet Lucan.
As he died before his son Seneca the Younger was banished by Claudius (41; Seneca, ''ad Helviam'', ii. 4), and the latest references in his writings are to the period immediately after the death of Tiberius, he probably died about AD 38.
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